扫描昆虫雷达实时数据采集、分析系统

利用自行设计、制作的扫描昆虫雷达数据采集分析系统,对扫描雷达回波的VGA图像信号进行单帧采集和多幅序列采集,经过图像处理、参数自动识别和回波的自动分析、计算后可得到昆虫活动的方位、高度、距离、密度、飞行的方向和速度等一系列迁飞活动数据。对迁飞昆虫活动实时监测,实现该类害虫的准确预测和有效治理具有非常重要的作用。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫的抗性分析

用常规棉和不同品种的转Bt基因抗虫棉分别饲喂棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera),对棉铃虫幼虫生长发育过程中各生物学指标的变化进行室内观察分析。结果表明,不同品种的转Bt基因抗虫棉之间对棉铃虫幼虫体重和死亡率的影响程度由大到小依次为JK-1、DB、D16、新陆早36,另外,取食转Bt基因抗虫棉叶片之后棉铃虫幼虫的化蛹率比取食常规棉叶片的棉铃虫幼虫的化蛹率减少12.5%~30.0%,蛹重减轻15.6%~41.9%,羽化率降低5.5%~80.0%。     

Biology,impact, and management of Echinochloa colona (L.) Link

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. is one of the most problematic weeds across the world. It is an annual C₄ summer grass, native to tropical and subtropical Asia, emerged as a serious and persistent threat in 35 cropping systems in more than 60 countries. E. colona is reported as an important associated weed species in transplanted and direct-seeded rice. Diverse ecotypes, high seed production, short seed dormancy, rapid growth, competitive potential, allelopathic interaction, and resistance against several herbicides makes it a more adaptable and persistent challenge in various agro-ecosystems. Development of resistance to recommended or higher doses of numerous herbicides, including ametryn, atrazine, bispyribac-sodium, clefoxidym, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, glyphosate, metribuzin, propanil, and triazine, is a serious concern for the farming and scientific community. Crop infestation with resistant E. colona biotypes may ultimately increase the weed control cost. Unfortunately, investigations on seed dormancy release, genetic diversity, allelopathic interference, and competitive ability of this weed are inadequate in accomplishing its appropriate control in different environments. Therefore, a comprehensive review is presented here to gather the existing information, to pin point key findings, and to highlight the research gaps in the biology, interference, and management of E. colona. Different management options have been discussed in relation with eco-biology of this noxious weed. The potential research endeavours have also been highlighted in order to provide an insight of its existing scenario and to facilitate the future management strategies.     

黄地老虎成虫对15种植物挥发物的电生理和行为反应

【目的】 筛选对黄地老虎Agrotis segetum雌性成虫具有引诱活性的植物挥发物,为黄地老虎食诱剂的研发提供候选物质【方法】 利用触角电位仪(EAG)测试黄地老虎雌性成虫对15种植物挥发物的电生理反应,通过风洞试验,评价每种物质对黄地老虎雌性成虫的吸引作用。【结果】 黄地老虎雌性成虫触角对4种挥发物(癸烷、对乙基苯乙酮、2-甲基壬烷和3,3-二甲基辛烷)没有明显的EAG反应,对其余11种挥发物(1,2-二乙苯、1,4-二乙苯、丁酸丁酯、4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯、桉叶油醇、乙酸叶醇酯、芳樟醇、β-月桂烯、壬醛、罗勒烯和β-蒎烯)的电生理反应明显,且反应程度随着挥发物浓度的增加而增加,在最大测试浓度100 μg/mL时产生最强烈的电生理反应。在风洞测试中,黄地老虎雌性成虫对1,2-二乙苯、1,4-二乙苯、丁酸丁酯、癸烷、4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯、对乙基苯乙酮、桉叶油醇、乙酸叶醇酯、芳樟醇、β-月桂烯、壬醛、3,3-二甲基辛烷、罗勒烯和β-蒎烯14种挥发物表现出明显的行为趋好。【结论】 筛选出对黄地老虎雌性成虫具有电生理和行为吸引活性的植物挥发物组分。     

Artificial Diet Influences Population Growth of the Root Maggot Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)

In order to investigate the effects of artificial diets on the population growth of root maggot Bradysia impatiens, its population growth parameters were assayed on eight artificial diets (Diet 1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8). Results showed that developmental duration from egg to pupa was successfully completed on all eight artificial diets. However, the egg to pupal duration was shortest, while the survival rate of four insect stages was lowest when B. impatiens was reared on D1. When B. impatiens was reared on D7 and D8, the survival rate, female longevity, and female oviposition were higher than those reared on other diets. When B. impatiens was reared on D7, the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m = 0.19/d), net reproductive rate (R₀ = 39.88 offspring per individual), and finite rate of increase (λ = 1.21/d) were higher for its population growth with shorter generation time (T = 19.49 d) and doubling time (Dt = 3.67 d). The findings indicate that the D7 artificial diet is more appropriate for the biological parameters of B. impatiens and can be used an indoor breeding food for population expansion as well as further research. We propose that vitamin C supplement added to the D7 is critical for the improvement of the B. impatiens growth.     

不同施肥方式对红壤蔬菜田氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌群落的影响

通过构建氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)克隆文库,研究在红壤蔬菜田上只施用磷钾化肥(PK)、只施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、施用腐熟有机肥(DNPK)和施用新鲜有机肥(FNPK)等4种不同施肥处理的土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)群落多样性及与土壤脲酶活性的相关性。结果表明:施加有机肥处理(DNPK和FNPK)的蔬菜田土壤的AOB文库和AOA文库OTU数量和Shannon指数高于只施用无机肥(NPK和PK)处理的蔬菜田土壤;DNPK和FNPK处理的土壤优势AOB菌群为多形亚硝化叶菌(Nitrosolobus multiformis),比例分别为88.5%和68.5%,NPK和PK处理的土壤优势AOB菌群为亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosospirasp.),比例分别为54.8%和65.5%;DNPK、FNPK、NPK和PK处理土壤优势AOA菌群均为阿伯丁土壤亚硝化细杆菌侯选种(CandidatusNitrosotalea devanaterra),比例分别为90.9%、84.4%、77.8%和45.2%;施加有机肥处理(DNPK和FNPK)的土壤脲酶活性和氨氧化微生物的多样性指数都高于只施用无机肥处理(NPK和PK);AOA群落多样性指数与土壤脲酶活性呈显著正相关,而AOB群落多样性与土壤脲酶活性相关性不显著。总体来看,有机肥比无机肥处理提高了AOA和AOB群落多样性,且AOA在红壤蔬菜田土壤氨氧化过程中起着更为重要的作用。     

Soybean yield and yield components as influenced by the single and repeated flaming

Field experiments were conducted to study the impact of single and multiple flaming on crop injury, yield components, and yield of soybean. The goal of this experiment was to determine the number of the maximum flaming treatments which soybean could tolerate without any yield loss. The treatments consisted of a non-flamed control, and broadcast flaming conducted one time (at VC-unfolded cotyledon, V2-second trifoliate, and V5-fifth trifoliate), two times (each at VC and V2, VC and V5, and V2 and V5 stages), and three times (at VC, V2, and V5 stages) resulting in a total of eight treatments. All plots were kept weed-free for the entire growing season by hand hoeing. A propane dose of 50 kg ha⁻¹ was applied with torches parallel to the crop row and at an operating speed of 4.8 km h⁻¹ for all treatments. The response of soybean was measured as visual injury ratings (at 7 and 28 days after treatment – DAT) as well as effects on yield components and yield. Broadcast flaming conducted once (at VC or V5 stage), as well as twice (at VC and V5 stages) exhibited the lowest injury of about 8% at 28 DAT. Any treatment that contained flaming at V2 stage resulted in more than 70% injury at 28 DAT. The highest crop yields were obtained from the non-flamed control (3.45 t ha⁻¹) and the plots flamed once at VC (3.35 t ha⁻¹), V5 (3.32 t ha⁻¹), and two times at VC and V5 (3.24 t ha⁻¹), which were all statistically similar. Soybean flamed at V2 stage had lower yields (1.03 t ha⁻¹ at V2, 0.46 t ha⁻¹ at VC and V2, and 0.38 t ha⁻¹ at V2 and V5). The lowest yields were in soybean flamed three times (VC, V2, and V5 stages), which yielded only 0.36 t ha⁻¹. These results indicate that soybean could tolerate a maximum of two flaming treatments at VC and V5 growth stages per season without any yield reduction.     

36个小麦审定和区试品种(系)的抗白粉病基因推导

明确我国当前小麦审定和区试品种含有的抗白粉病基因, 可为这些品种在小麦抗病育种中的应用及品种合理布局和轮换提供依据。本研究采用24个不同毒性的小麦白粉菌菌株对36个小麦审定和区试品种(系)进行抗白粉病基因推导, 参试品种(系)与46个已知抗病基因小麦品种(系)抗谱比较的结果表明, 11个小麦审定品种中有5个品种对所有供试白粉菌菌株表现抗性, 结合亲本溯源, 推测其中有3个品种可能携有Pm21基因; 另外6个审定品种中有5个品种可能含有抗病基因Pm2, 且其对应的亲本或亲本组合中含有抗病基因Pm2。25个区试品种(系)中有3个可能含有Pm21, 10个含有Pm2, 1个含有Pm2+6,2个含有Pm4b,1个含有Pm8。另外, 参试的36个品种(系)中还有9个品种(系)和已知基因品种抗谱存在一定差异。总体上, 推导出已知基因的品种以含有Pm2基因的品种最多, Pm21基因的品种次之, 建议在生产上加强对Pm21基因品种(系)特别是已审定的携有Pm21基因品种的推广和应用, 应该注意一些省份在育种和生产上应慎用或少用含Pm2基因的品种(系)。     

小麦收获期对麦套棉田捕食性天敌和棉花苗蚜的影响

2004-2005年在冀南棉区研究了小麦收获期对麦套棉田中捕食性天敌和棉花苗蚜的影响。小麦收获期共设3个水平,分别是6月5日、6月10日和6月15日收获小麦。结果表明:2004年3个时期收获小麦对棉田的益害比(天敌和棉蚜的比值)无显著影响(t>0.05);2005年6月5日收获小麦,显著增加了棉田的益害比(t<0.05),6月10日和6月15日收获小麦对棉田的益害比无显著影响(t>0.05)。说明在麦套棉田中,麦田天敌到棉田的有效转移受麦蚜-天敌-棉蚜三者发生高峰期的影响,不同年份天敌的转移情况有所不同。麦蚜发生高峰期早则小麦天敌向棉田转移早,并能有效控制苗期蚜虫的危害,在麦熟期收获小麦,对棉田天敌的数量影响不大;反之,若麦蚜发生高峰期晚,麦田天敌发生期也会相应延后,在麦熟期收获小麦则会引起棉田天敌的增加。因此,棉田天敌数量变化受小麦收获期的影响,但与麦蚜和麦田天敌的发生动态有直接关系。     

Biocontrol of rice blast by the phenaminomethylacetic acid producer of Bacillus methylotrophicus strain BC79

Strain BC79, isolated from primeval forest soil in Qinling, Mountains, China, was identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus based on morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic analyses as well as phylogenetic 16S rDNA sequencing data. This strain was able to suppress mycelial growth and conidial germination of numerous plant pathogenic fungi in dual cultures on solid media. For exploring potential biocontrol activity, we assessed fermentation conditions for studying B. meth1ylotrophicus BC79. The active substance of BC79, phenaminomethylacetic acid, was extracted by TLC and HPLC, and identified as the strongest inhibitory substance described in B. methylotrophicus. Experiments in a greenhouse showed that application of BC79 culture filtrates 24 h before inoculation of Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast, had 89.87% biocontrol efficiency. B. methylotrophicus BC79 colonized rice plant tissues and at 10 days after filtrate application, its population in leaves (1.65 × 10⁸ CFU/g) was much larger than in stems (6.78 × 10⁷ CFU/g) or roots (3.56 × 10⁷ CFU/g). Field trials indicated that BC79 culture filtrate (4000 g/667 m²) showed the highest efficiency for M. oryzae, with 84.8% biocontrol effect, followed by of 15% phenaminomethylacetic acid extract (75.5%) and 20% tricyclazole (76.1%). Seedling and post-transplant stages were the best periods to apply BC79 for control of rice blast. The B. methylotrophicus BC79 strain hence has enormous potential as an agricultural agent for biocontrol of rice blast.